From the Fear of Declining Birth Rates to the Opportunity for Rights-Based Policy Making

Vietnam’s “demographic anxiety” about declining fertility should not drive restrictive policies. Instead, now is the time for Vietnam to embrace reproductive autonomy, gender equality, and rights-based family planning as the foundation for sustainable economic growth and social stability. From 1999 through 2022—Vietnam’s fertility rate remained stable, consistently around the replacement rate of 2.1.

However, the last two years have seen an unexpected decline, dropping from 1.96 in 2023 to 1.91 in 2024, raising concerns about labor force sustainability, and economic productivity. Consequently, this discussion is timely, as policymakers increasingly debate effective strategies to address demographic changes without undermining individual rights.

Lessons from the “Demographic Dividend” and a Shifting Economic Landscape

Historically, Vietnam has significantly benefited from its “Golden Population Structure,” with a large working-age population fueling robust economic growth. Yet, this demographic advantage is gradually narrowing, underscoring the necessity of reassessing current policies. Past population measures, notably Vietnam’s two-child policy, influenced birth rates, particularly among rural and less-educated women. However, contemporary fertility decisions are now largely influenced by factors such as urbanization, rising living costs, changing expectations around marriage and parenthood, and evolving gender norms.

Understanding these demographic shifts requires consideration of Vietnam’s economic context. Vietnam’s economy consistently ranks among the world’s fastest-growing, sustaining an annual growth rate of nearly 7% since 1990. Driven by robust trade performance and steadily rising per capita GDP, Vietnam is emerging as a dynamic economy comparable to the renowned “Asian Tigers.” With 67.3% of the population in the working-age group, Vietnam continues to benefit from its “Golden Population Structure.” Today, over 40% of the population resides in urban areas, leading to smaller family units and higher living costs. Young professionals in cities increasingly prioritize careers and financial security, delaying marriage and childbirth.

The average age at first marriage has also risen from 24.1 years in 1999 to 27.2 years in 2023, with Ho Chi Minh City reaching 30.4. Additionally, this trend is accompanied by a rising age for first-time mothers, further contributing to declining birth rates. Biologically, fertility begins declining gradually around age 32, with a sharp decline after 37, affecting reproductive choices.

The Double Burden on Women: Balancing Motherhood and Being the Primary Breadwinner

Although Vietnam boasts high female labor force participation (88 women per 100 men), gendered caregiving roles, lower wages, and workplace biases limit women’s economic opportunities. In 2022, the employment rate for women stood at 61.1% compared to 73.1% for men, highlighting disparities in career progression and financial independence.

Additionally, a rapidly aging population places a dual burden on women, who must balance childbearing, employment, and caregiving responsibilities for elderly family members. This increasing burden contributes to higher stress levels and potential economic hardship, influencing reproductive decisions. An increase in the under-five mortality rate also poses significant challenges to maintaining a young population. Increased child mortality not only results in the tragic loss of young lives but also undermines future societal development by reducing the number of individuals contributing to economic growth and prosperity. Addressing this issue is crucial to ensure a healthy and thriving younger generation.

The Alarming Reality of Abortion and Unintended Pregnancies

Globally, approximately 73.3 million abortions occur annually, accounting for about 29% of all pregnancies and 61% of unintended pregnancies. In Southeast Asia (SEA), around 6 million abortions occur annually, with nearly half of pregnancies (around 9.27 million) being unintended. Vietnam has the second-highest abortion rate in the world, according to UN estimates, with an estimated 64 per 1,000 women of reproductive age, translating to 1.6 million abortions annually. Notably, about 40% of pregnancies in Vietnam end in abortion each year.

According to the 2016 UNFPA Vietnam report, about 17.4% of women reported they had undergone an abortion. Of these, more than half 53.6% were due to unplanned pregnancies, 8.9% resulted from contraceptive failure – attributed mainly due to a lack of knowledge on effective usage of modern contraception, especially among young people and those unfamiliar with family planning methods, 6.6% were due to insufficient income, and 1.6% were related to sex-selective abortions, contributing to the overall high abortion rates. These data underscore why restrictive reproductive measures are not just ineffective but harmful.

Therefore, addressing the root causes of declining fertility requires a comprehensive, rights-based approach rather than restrictive reproductive policies. It includes “a recognition of people’s right to decide when, if, and how many children they have.” To realize that right, all women and their partners need to be able to access quality counseling and modern contraceptive methods of their choice.

Experiences from Northern Europe demonstrate that robust support measures—including maternity/parental leave, affordable childcare, flexible work arrangements, and gender equality policies—not only stabilize birth rates but also enhance gender equality and economic productivity.

Access to Quality Contraceptives and Birth Spacing Services

Additionally, access to quality contraception and adequate birth spacing significantly improve maternal and child health, benefiting individual families and society as a whole. Indeed, restricting contraception does not encourage births; rather, it increases unintended pregnancies and unsafe abortions. Contraception empowers women and couples to carefully plan and space pregnancies, aligning their desired family size with their actual family outcomes.

Modern Contraception: Benefits for Families, Society, and Sustainable Development

Smaller families often result in improved child well-being, as parents can invest more resources in each child’s health, education, and overall quality of life. This focus on human capital development significantly benefits Vietnam’s long-term socio-economic growth. Slower population growth can also alleviate pressure on natural resources and the environment, facilitating a transition toward sustainable national development.

Access to quality contraceptive methods and birth spacing

DKT Mekong: Over 30 Years Supporting Reproductive Health in Vietnam

For over 30 years, DKT Mekong has been dedicated to improving reproductive health in Vietnam. Through social marketing initiatives and partnerships with governments and the private sector, DKT Mekong has provided 27.6 million Couple Years of Protection (CYP) — a metric used in family planning to measure the contraceptive protection provided by a method over a one-year period In 2023 alone, our efforts prevented 521,542 unintended pregnancies, 159,302 unsafe abortions, and prevented the loss of about 5,258 years of healthy life for mothers (measured in disability-adjusted life years, or DALYs), which accounts for illness, disability, or early death.

DKT Mekong is also a model for women empowerment, with 100% female department heads and nearly 70% of employees being women as a leading sexual and reproductive health (SRH) organization. We not only comply with employee rights and benefits laws but also offer additional healthcare packages for individuals and families, flexible working hours, and work-life balance initiatives. Through these efforts, DKT Mekong contributes to sustainable population growth and gender equity, ensuring that as Vietnam navigates its demographic transition, individuals can make informed reproductive choices for a healthier, more equitable society.

DKT Mekong – Hơn 30 năm đồng hành cùng sức khỏe sinh sản Việt Nam

Reproductive Rights and National Economy: An Inseparable Connection

Furthermore, restricting reproductive rights has far-reaching consequences beyond individuals, significantly impacting national economies. When women lack access to comprehensive sexual and reproductive healthcare, they face barriers to making informed decisions about their careers and family planning. Conversely, investing in reproductive rights yields substantial economic benefits.

According to a McKinsey Global Institute report, closing gender employment gaps could increase global GDP by $28 trillion, while nations prioritizing reproductive healthcare and education see gains in productivity, poverty reduction, and overall economic strength.

In conclusion, Vietnam’s declining fertility rate presents not just demographic anxiety but a valuable opportunity. Adopting a rights-based policy will empower reproductive autonomy, achieve gender equity, and foster sustainable development, positioning Vietnam confidently for a prosperous and equitable future. As Vietnam navigates these demographic changes, DKT Mekong will remain committed to supporting a future where women’s health, economic opportunities, and reproductive rights are fully upheld and accessible to all in Vietnam.

References:

1. Anh P. Ngo, 2020. “Effects of Vietnam’s two-child policy on fertility, son preference, and female labor supply,” Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 33(3), pages 751-794, July.
2. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. (2023). APEC Smart Families: Menu of Policy Options. APEC Health Working Group. https://www.apec.org/docs/default-source/publications/2023/10/223_hwg_apec-smart-families_menu-of-policy-options.pdf?sfvrsn=f4c8aafc_2
3. General Statistics Office of Vietnam. (2021, December). Gender equality in labor and access to management work in Viet Nam. https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/data-and-statistics/2021/12/gender-equality-in-labor-and-access-to-management-work-in-viet-nam/
4. General Statistics Office of Vietnam. (n.d.). Population. Retrieved from https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/population/
5. Guttmacher Institute. (2014, July). Repeat Abortions Are Common in Vietnam, May Be Linked to Son Preference. https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/ipsrh/2014/07/repeat-abortions-are-common-vietnam-may-be-linked-son-preference
6. Guttmacher Institute. (2020). Abortion Worldwide
7. International Campaign for Women’s Right to Safe Abortion. (2023, December 8). Vietnam struggles with high abortion rates due to sex selection: “people have to rely on their sons”. https://www.safeabortionwomensright.org/news/viet-nam-vietnam-struggles-with-high-abortion-rates-due-to-sex-selection-people-have-to-rely-on-their-sons/
8. Nhan Dan Online. (n.d.). Optimising the advantages of Vietnam’s golden population structure. Retrieved from https://en.nhandan.vn/optimising-the-advantages-of-vietnams-golden-population-structure-post67074.html
9. Serrao, S. (2015). Population ageing and its gender dimensions: The direct and indirect impacts on women (A synthesis of literature with evidence from the Asia-Pacific region). United Nations. https://hr.un.org/sites/hr.un.org/files/Population%20ageing%20and%20its%20gender%20dimensions_0.pdf
10. UNFPA Vietnam. (2023). Sexual and Reproductive Health
11. United Nations Population Fund Vietnam. (n.d.). Abortion in Viet Nam: Facts and Figures. Retrieved from https://vietnam.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/info3_abortion_2_pages.pdf
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14. Vietnam News. (2024, July 11). 30 years of progress: Việt Nam needs innovation to ensure population’s sustainable development. Vietnam News. https://vietnamnews.vn/society/1659012/30-years-of-progress-viet-nam-needs-innovation-to-ensure-population-s-sustainable-development.html
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18. WHO. (2020). Abortion Fact Sheet

By Yinn Mar Phoo, DKT Mekong

DKT Mekong with 500 Pharmacists Join Online Training to Stay Updated on Contraceptive Trends

As the medical field continues to advance, continuous professional development is key to enhancing pharmaceutical service quality. Recently, the “Knowledge and Skills Update Program” themed “Modern Contraceptive Solutions – Effective Counseling for Pharmacies” was successfully conducted online, attracting 500 pharmacists. This program was organized by the Vietnam Pharmaceutical Association in collaboration with DKT International, Inc. in Vietnam and its strategic partner, Golden Choice Co., Ltd. (collectively known as DKT Mekong).

Empowering Pharmacists with the Latest Knowledge and Skills

On March 8-9, 2025, participating pharmacists had the opportunity to gain insights into modern and practical contraceptive solutions, including:

• The latest advancements in contraceptive medications and reproductive health.
• Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in pharmaceutical research and counseling.
• Professional counseling techniques for pharmacies.

By focusing on practical topics, the program aimed to enhance pharmacists’ expertise, optimize counseling skills, and improve pharmacy service quality.

Renowned Speakers – A Guarantee of Professional Excellence

The training program featured leading experts in pharmaceuticals and reproductive health, including:

• MSc. Do Van Dung – Former Head of Pharmaceutical Affairs, Ho Chi Minh City Department of Health
• Dr. Hoang Thi Thanh Thao – Deputy Head of Obstetrics Department, Hung Vuong Hospital
• Dr. Hoang Le Phuc – Head of Gastroenterology Department, Children’s Hospital 1
• Dr. Pham Ho Thuy Ai – Deputy Head of Gynecology Department, Tu Du Hospital
• Pharmacist Huynh Ngoc Duong – Expert in Condoms and Sexual Health
• Dr. Le Quang Thanh – Former Director of Tu Du Hospital

These experts not only delivered high-quality lectures but also fostered an engaging learning environment with in-depth discussions, enabling pharmacists to grasp practical knowledge effectively.

High Engagement and Practical Application

Despite being held on the Zoom online platform, the program attracted enthusiastic participation. Hundreds of questions were raised, addressing real-life counseling scenarios such as:

• “Can contraceptive pills be used while breastfeeding?”
• “How can emergency contraceptive pills be used for maximum effectiveness?”

These discussions highlighted the urgent need for pharmacists to refine their counseling skills at pharmacies.

Upon completing the course and assessment test, all 500 pharmacists received Continuing Professional Education (CPE) certificates, accredited by the Vietnam Pharmaceutical Association. The program not only enhanced pharmacists’ expertise but also contributed to public access to accurate, scientific information, empowering individuals to make informed health decisions.

DKT Mekong – A Pioneer in Advancing Reproductive Health

Marking 30 years of operations in Vietnam (2023), DKT International, Inc. expanded its influence across the Mekong region in 2024, executed by its strategic partner, Golden Choice Co., Ltd., under the unified name “DKT Mekong.” With a mission to enhance the quality and accessibility of reproductive health services across the region, DKT Mekong has extended its expertise, experience, and products to Cambodia and Laos.

Committed to being a “one-stop shop” for high-quality, affordable reproductive health solutions, DKT Mekong leverages over three decades of experience and deep market insights to collaborate with local partners, NGOs, government agencies, and private sectors, delivering optimized reproductive and sexual health solutions across Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos.

Commitment to Sustainable Development and Future Plans

The “Knowledge and Skills Update Program” is a testament to DKT Mekong’s commitment to supporting the pharmacy community. The program’s success serves as a driving force for future specialized training courses, contributing to the development of a professional and dedicated pharmacist workforce.

The organizing committee extends heartfelt gratitude to the Vietnam Pharmaceutical Association, distinguished experts, and participating pharmacists. With a spirit of innovation and progress, DKT Mekong will continue to deliver impactful programs, elevating the quality of reproductive health care in Vietnam and across the Mekong region.